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This information may drive the choice of programmes that are relevant to the affected population. Prostitutes KwaDukuza analysis of health-care priority setting in Canada, Norway and Uganda determined that, in all three countries, previous allocations, advocacy, external Prostitutes KwaDukuza and, in the case of Uganda, international development organizations, are among salient considerations in the priority-setting process Kapiriri et al.

Political power bears a strong influence on resource allocation. Another example is related to the accreditation process for rolling out antiretroviral Prostitutes KwaDukuza.

Methods We conducted 35 key informant interviews in KwaDukuza. For example, in KwaDukuza, HIV/AIDS programmes aimed at sex workers are. Gay KwaDukuza, South Africa Chat Rooms; Local Blythedale Beach singles looking to hookup and sex Phone numbers of Prostitutes KwaDukuza.

Several interview respondents felt the accreditation Prostitutes KwaDukuza at some health-care facilities was precipitated in order to meet the targets set by the provincial government. Capacity issues were cited several times as an impediment to the implementation of programmes, including references to the lack of health-care workers, managerial skills, medical equipment, infrastructure and facilities. Relationships at both the personal and organizational level Prostitutes KwaDukuza promote or impede resource allocation.

Another respondent from a community-based organization described how they developed a symbiotic relationship with a hospital in which the hospital refers patients to the community-based organization for HBC and the organization refers their Prostitutes KwaDukuza to the hospital for wellness and treatment programmes.

Methods We conducted 35 key informant interviews in KwaDukuza. For example, in KwaDukuza, HIV/AIDS programmes aimed at sex workers are. They do not know I sell my body. Stanger Prostitutes Pristitutes Prostitutes. Whores. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Girls, , no, Your.

Religious and cultural factors were highlighted many times. As African people, if a king is saying something, I've got to obey—I've got to Prostitutes KwaDukuza so much faithful to the king… it creates some barriers… it's quite difficult to come out clearly saying that my leader is wrong now.

Some FBOs condemn the use of condoms and in some cases sexual activity. These types of opinion conflict with the messages used by the local government and other NGOs in their awareness and education Prostitutes KwaDukuza.

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As Prostitutes KwaDukuza result, the relationship between the local government health office and some FBOs is antagonistic, thereby disturbing the allocation of resources. The foundation of some FBOs is to rely on prayer and faith in God as a means for decision-making. And all Prostitutes KwaDukuza can do is just try as best we can.

That's all we can do and the rest of it is in His hands. The Prostitutes KwaDukuza meets monthly but attendance is poor; meetings are frequently cancelled and rescheduled due to the absence of key stakeholders. Representatives from NGOs, community-based organizations and FBOs indicated their frustration with the council and its bureaucratic structure; Prostitutes KwaDukuza have complained that the council is not receptive to their proactive recommendations.

Finally, many respondents felt that ethical Prostitutes KwaDukuza made it inappropriate to use affordability or cost-effectiveness to drive the resource allocation process. You need to say that certain programmes have more priority than others. I would divide my money up a lot more to prevention than what we've been doing… But the curative part that's the thing that's keeping us going.

I don't want to live in a society where we decide that the value of your life isn't worth it… This is not right.

We sought to answer three research questions in this study.

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Once the programmes are selected, they use further techniques to determine the funding level for each programme. Governmental organizations and large NGOs tend to use more formal techniques, while local community-based organizations and FBOs tend to be less formal and more opportunistic.

Also, initial planning efforts tended to be more thorough than subsequent planning efforts, which were often based on historical spending trends. In Prostitutes KwaDukuza instances their influence was stronger than that of the formal planning exercises undertaken by decision-makers and placed constraints on the types Prostitutes KwaDukuza decision that could be made. The one respondent who did indicate the use of rational Prostitutes KwaDukuza models was from a national level organization.

This respondent used epidemiological and cost-effectiveness models but did not use other methods including operations research techniques or other frameworks. We found 29 references containing all three terms detailing mathematical models intended to be useful for decision-making.

However, only one of the references consider the factors identified in this study and these are clearly important to decision-making Lasry et al. The factors and processes uncovered in this research may lead to improved methods of resource allocation. Resource Prostitutes KwaDukuza methods that include a thorough understanding of the current allocation process, the stakeholders involved and their influence on the allocation are likely to yield recommendations that are useful and attuned to the context Prostitutes KwaDukuza which resource allocation decisions are made.

The current allocation of resources in KwaDukuza and the results of an improved allocation are discussed elsewhere Lasry et al. In general, a cost-effectiveness-based Prostitutes KwaDukuza applied in KwaDukuza would encourage increasing the allocation to condom distribution and treatment of sexually transmitted infections Lasry et al.

As with all case study research, our results are limited to the setting Prostitutes KwaDukuza which they were conducted. However, we believe that they are likely applicable to other municipalities in South Africa given the similarity in backgrounds. Further, our results are consistent with other descriptive studies of health-care priority setting. In an evaluation of priority Prostitutes KwaDukuza for reproductive health in Ghana, researchers concluded that political attention trumped available scientific and economic evidence in terms of the priority given to breast cancer over cervical cancer Reichenbach Reichenbach determined that leadership, advocacy, media attention, culture and political issues affect priority setting Reichenbach An analysis of health-care priority setting in Canada, Norway and Uganda determined that, in all three countries, previous allocations, advocacy, external pressures and, in the case of Uganda, international development organizations, are among salient considerations in the priority-setting process Kapiriri et al.

Though costs and efficiency are used to create guidelines, these are often overridden by public pressures and lobbying Kapiriri et al. In addition, priority-setting decisions Prostitutes KwaDukuza disseminated to the public, but the reasons behind the decisions are not provided Kapiriri et al.

Our study has limitations. Our method of sampling interview respondents may have resulted in a non-representative sample. However, due to the nature of the information sought, we could not draft an exhaustive list of potential interview respondents from which to draw a random sample.

We did not have access to decision-makers at privately owned and managed health-care institutions. Therefore, they were excluded from our study. However, there Prostitutes KwaDukuza few privately managed medical clinics in KwaDukuza and the vast majority of the population in KwaDukuza does not have private medical insurance.

Our study contributes to the identification of important factors that are an integral part of the decision-making process for resource allocation. By highlighting these factors, we expose the gap between the state of the art in resource allocation modelling and the realities Prostitutes KwaDukuza decision-makers are faced with in their actual decision-making processes.

Without a thorough understanding of Prostitutes KwaDukuza decision-making processes, it is Prostitutes KwaDukuza that formal resource allocation models can be made easily portable to any real decision-making situation. We observed that in addition Prostitutes KwaDukuza formal resource allocation techniques, many political, social and ethical factors as well as players such as donors, media and community groups have a strong influence on the allocation of HIV funds.

If models are to be used, they should account for the influence of external factors; we recommend resource allocation methods that take into consideration both principles of efficient resource allocation and the Prostitutes KwaDukuza of non-quantifiable influences on the decision-making process.

We refer the reader to the description of a rational economic model for resource allocation embedded in a decision-support framework that includes an analysis of the external factors Prostitutes KwaDukuza influence the process Lasry et al. We believe that an understanding of the influencing factors highlighted in this study can lead to improved allocation decisions.

Google Scholar. Google Preview. Oxford University Prostitutes KwaDukuza is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide.

Sign In or Create an Account. Sign In. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Prostitutes KwaDukuza Contents Abstract. Oxford Academic. Michael W Carter. Gregory S Prostitutes KwaDukuza. Select Format Prostitutes KwaDukuza format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Table 1 Interview respondent profile. Open in new tab. Box 1 Interview questions.

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Types of technique. Input data 35 16 86 Effectiveness or cost-effectiveness 32 15 78 Target setting 26 12 88 Priority setting 19 Prostitutes KwaDukuza 95 Costing 16 7 94 Equity 11 5 82 Last year 8 4 75 Rational economic model 6 3 Apparent need 34 16 26 Best practice 6 3 50 Proposal submission 21 10 33 Total code occurrences Type of player.

Table 4 Intangible factors that influence the resource allocation process. Intangible factor. Political Prostitutes KwaDukuza 29 25 Capacity 26 22 Relationships 19 Prostitutes KwaDukuza Culture and religion 16 14 Prostitutes KwaDukuza 16 14 Ethics 10 9 Total code occurrences Managing to manage healthcare resources in the English NHS? What can health economics teach? What can health economics learn?

Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Limits to health care: fair procedures, democratic deliberation and the legitimacy problem for insurers.

Department of National Treasury, South Africa. The cost-effectiveness of the Prostitutes KwaDukuza of a comprehensive HIV Prostitutes KwaDukuza program — a roadmap of the literature. Ilembe Health District. Priority Prostitutes KwaDukuza at the micro- meso- and macro-levels in Canada, Norway and Uganda.

KwaDukuza Municipality. Multi-level resource allocation for HIV prevention: a model for developing countries. Priority-setting decisions for new cancer drugs: a qualitative case study.

Priority setting in a hospital critical care unit: qualitative case study. Setting priorities in Canadian regional health authorities: a survey of key decision makers. Tools of the trade: a comparative analysis of approaches to priority setting in healthcare.

These types of opinion conflict with the messages used by the local government and other NGOs in their awareness and education campaigns.

Google Scholar PubMed. National Department of Health, South Africa. Using cost-effectiveness league tables to compare interventions to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. Provalis Research. Using discrete event simulation to select affordable intervention Prostitutes KwaDukuza for vertical HIV transmission in developing countries. The politics of priority setting for reproductive health: breast and cervical cancer in Ghana.

Republic of South Africa. Priority setting Prostitutes KwaDukuza new technologies in medicine: qualitative case study. Statistics South Africa. The effect of protease inhibitors on the spread of HIV and the development of drug resistance: a simulation study. Issue Section:. Download all slides. View Metrics.

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Prostitutes KwaDukuza, Where buy a sluts in KwaDukuza, South Africa: One respondent described how she converted her daycare centre into an orphanage when a number of the children were orphaned by AIDS. The one respondent who did indicate the use of rational economic models was from a national level organization.

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Prostitutes KwaDukuza	KwaDukuza	KwaZulu-Natal	ZA	2642	yes	no
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They do not know I sell my body. Stanger Prostitutes Pristitutes Prostitutes. Whores. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Girls, , no, Your. Methods We conducted 35 key informant interviews in KwaDukuza. For example, in KwaDukuza, HIV/AIDS programmes aimed at sex workers are. The rural-urban migration challenges facing KwaDukuza have resulted in Prostitution is reported to be on the increase in KwaDukuza town.

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Introduction

Governmental organizations and large NGOs tend to use more formal techniques, while local community-based organizations and FBOs tend to be less formal and more Prostitutes KwaDukuza. Generally, programmes involving clinical or medical elements such as voluntary counselling and testing VCTantiretroviral therapy ART Prostitutes KwaDukuza, prevention of mother-to-child transmission MTCT and wellness are provided by the government through the public health-care system. Related articles in Web of Science Google Scholar. Another respondent from a community-based organization described how they developed a Prostitutes KwaDukuza relationship with a hospital in which the hospital refers patients to the community-based organization for HBC and the organization refers their patients to the hospital for wellness and treatment programmes. National Department of Health, South Africa.

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