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Food, song, wine, jazz. We acknowledge that the process of actuating the above recommendations may Prostitutes NDjamena lengthy and controversial to some stakeholders, but we suggest that it may be helpful for all stakeholders to engage in honesty reflections and Prostitutes NDjamena about the legal, social, and health implications of continued neglect of this minority group. That is what we believe will change the continent, and that is what we report on.

This highlights the intersectionality of being female, being a migrant, and selling sex where it is illegal to do so. One-third of sex workers interviewed in the survey thought mosquito bites or sharing a meal could spread HIV. Although almost Prostitutes NDjamena the sex workers were tested, few had a clear understanding of the disease. The most misinformation was reported in the central and northern regions. The lack of understanding of the infection is Prostitutes NDjamena by low usage of condoms and poor access to healthcare due to their lack of power and control as a consequence of the intersectionality of gender, migrant status, and illegal sex Prostitutes NDjamena [ 5 ].

Barriers to healthcare, like access to testing and treatment of HIV and STIs, anti-foreigner sentiments from service providers and lack of health insurance have Prostitutes NDjamena been reported elsewhere [ 67891011 ]. However, most authors usually limit their investigations to only identifying the impact of sex work. This study delves into understanding how the individual factors produce societal level inequalities for female migrant sex workers.

The importance of this approach is to emphasize the fact that interventions would not be successful in improving the welfare of sex workers if all factors were not considered. Unlike most studies on sex work whose focus is usually on a single dimension such as gender, migration, or illegal sex work, this study brings all the three dimensions together and casts a spotlight on how they affect migrant female sex workers. This approach generates an understanding Prostitutes NDjamena the challenges faced by migrant female sex workers, as a minority group, do Prostitutes NDjamena only emanate from any one of these dimensions but a result of their intersection.

This, therefore, entails that for any interventions to be successful, they must address Prostitutes NDjamena the dimensions. A phenomenological approach is a type of qualitative research theory and practice [ 12 ]. In-depth interviews were used Prostitutes NDjamena collect data from participants by giving accounts of their experiences because this method is suitable to collect rich, personal experiences [ 12 Prostitutes NDjamena. The use of open-ended questions gave the participants latitude to freely provide as much information about their experiences in sex work as possible.

Through a casual, circumstantial selection process and snowball sampling Prostitutes NDjamena, ten 10 sex workers aged 21 to 30 from Cameroon volunteered to participate in the study. Initial contacts were made through two 2 bartenders and a pimp a gentleman who linked sex workers to customers and vice versa, at a Prostitutes NDjamena whom we had befriended during our Prostitutes NDjamena weekend visits to the bars.

Given the hidden nature of selling sex in a criminalized and highly stigmatized context, directly locating participants who were willing to participate was not Prostitutes NDjamena and required offering incentives such as drinks to sex workers to Prostitutes NDjamena for the time lost. Most of them preferred to receive money equivalent to the cost of a drink USD 2 for one interview session. These once-off individual-in-depth interviews that lasted for between 20 and 45 minutes each Prostitutes NDjamena conducted at the residences of the sex workers by two male members of the research team with training in social anthropology and sociology and with extensive research experience on sensitive topics, also competent in both the French and English languages.

This chapter documents the diverse motivations for entering sex work, and transnational Cameroonian sex workers' experiences with clients in N'Djamena. Date of visit: December. Where find a whores in NDjamena, Chari-Baguirmi. Prostitutes NDjamena, Find Hookers in.

The interviews and other research conversations were conducted in French which is the lingua franca Prostitutes NDjamena widely spoken language in the study site. Using an interview guide, we explored their demographics, how and why they came to Chad, their experiences with their clients remuneration and working conditionsas well as their experiences with the police and the healthcare providers. Participants had the Prostitutes NDjamena to deviate from the interview or to answer the questions Prostitutes NDjamena any other way appropriate, as well as to disengage from the interviews with no repercussions.

Prostitutes NDjamena Additionally, interviewees were free to respond to questions or to Prostitutes NDjamena unclear Prostitutes NDjamena weeks after their interviews. The data was recorded by the interviewers by writing down responses in notebooks as well as by audio recordings after each participant gave consent to voice recording. The interviewers exercised high levels of professionalism, patience, and caution in handling each of the participants with respect and dignity to avoid jeopardizing their safety and security considering the sensitivity of the topic.

This helped the two male interviewers to build trust with the participants who were oftentimes insecure and expressed doubt to avoid being abused by men. A major methodological challenge in studying this vulnerable minority group was their relative inaccessibility. This explains why we limited our Prostitutes NDjamena sampling to 10 sex workers. This also obliged us to recruit the sex workers through a pimp and the two bartenders who were willing to participate in the study.

Most of the sex workers were hesitant to participate due to the illegal nature of sex work and the desire to protect their identities.

However, Prostitutes NDjamena data abstracted from the 10 participants was adequate to answer the research questions as saturation was reached; no new information was emerging Prostitutes NDjamena the tenth interviewee.

The data were anonymized and analyzed according to thematic Prostitutes NDjamena [ 13 ]. Two of the research team members were competent Prostitutes NDjamena both English and French languages Prostitutes NDjamena this facilitated for easy translation of the interview notes from French to English. The voice records were also transcribed into verbatim on paper. We moved back and forth between the written transcripts and the voice notes to make sure that no detail was left out. The responses by the participants were sorted and grouped into meaning units which were answering research questions regarding the impact of gender, migrant status, and being involved in illegal Prostitutes NDjamena work and how these intersected to produce different human rights abuses perpetrated by men, the police, and healthcare workers.

We coded the condensed meanings into codes representing similar ideas mainly answering why the participants started sex work; what they were experiencing due Prostitutes NDjamena the illegal status of sex work in Chad; and how being female and migrants affected their experiences in sex work as well as in their interactions within the community.

We repeated the above process by exchanging the interview transcripts among us to make sure that we had a consensus Prostitutes NDjamena the themes. These constituted the main findings of this study. This study aimed at exploring the intersectionality of individual factors: female gender; migrant status; and illegal sex work, to document how they produce human rights abuses at the macro-level drawing from the experiences of migrant Cameroonian female sex workers in N'Djamena, Chad.

Below we outline the study findings according to the themes. All Prostitutes NDjamena interviewed sex workers acknowledged that sex work helped them to escape severe Prostitutes NDjamena and that it had given them financial independence. This was in response to the question of how and why they joined sex work.

The majority of the respondents expressed displeasure in having to engage in sex work under circumstances where they could not negotiate for safer sex because of the unequal power dynamics that favored the men and subjugated the women. They complained about the difficulties they faced because they bore the female gender. Recounting how she ended up joining the sex work, one participant stated that:. Because I had no real education, I had no one to take care of me so I resorted to using my body somewhere Prostitutes NDjamena few people knew me.

This finding is striking because it reveals how gender and minority status amplify the inequalities and abuses perpetrated against this group even at the public health facilities in Chad.

But I feel exploited being a woman and most of my clients abuse me by raping, beating, or not paying me after sex because I am a woman. The lack of alternative sources of income caused most sex workers to engage in sex work.

Furthermore, the respondent added that being female placed her in a vulnerable Prostitutes NDjamena of exploitation and abuse. This is a very important finding of the study in Prostitutes NDjamena the participant explains that one of the reasons why men abused the sex workers was because they men felt more powerful than women.

Men sometimes raped, beat, and refused to pay them mainly because the sex workers had no matching physical masculinity to fight back or defend themselves because of being female. The lack of employment led many of the women into the sex work but ended up being abused as one college graduate narrated:. Indeed, there are several reasons Prostitutes NDjamena women resort to sex work but clearly, poverty resulting from gender inequalities was the main reason why most of Prostitutes NDjamena respondents engaged in sex work, while the desire to generate income to supply personal and family needs kept them Prostitutes NDjamena in doing what they were doing despite the bad experiences.

The participants narrated about the bad experiences they faced due to their immigrant status. They complained about being abused purely because of being immigrants and that they felt powerless to set the terms for their Prostitutes NDjamena to the clients because they were living in a foreign country.

The voice records were also transcribed into verbatim on paper.

Here we found that the female gender intersected with the immigrant status of the sex workers to exacerbate their vulnerability to Prostitutes NDjamena forms of human rights abuses. They described developing survival strategies, like using drugs to cope with the stress. One participant complained that:. I usually have to act under the influence of hard drugs like exol, tramadol, diazepam… to evade police officers and also cope with being called an international prostitute.

The use of drugs to make themselves brave, shameless, and resilient was a phenomenon re-echoed by almost all the participants. Prostitutes NDjamena took these drugs to brave the cold and scares of the nights as they faced strange men every night as a coping mechanism other than finding comfort and solace in each other. They stated that the drugs had bad withdrawal effects such as tremors and lethargy Prostitutes NDjamena as a result, most of the sex workers had become addicted to the drugs.

I sometimes have vaginal itches but the nurses are very mean so I take herbs. The statement was common, expressing the inequalities faced by the sex workers primarily because Prostitutes NDjamena being migrants. Prostitutes NDjamena, according to the respondent above, sex workers were denied access to health services because of being immigrants and females. This finding is striking because it reveals how gender and minority status amplify the inequalities and abuses Prostitutes NDjamena against this group even at the public health facilities in Chad.

The foregoing may entail that due Prostitutes NDjamena lack of access to safe and effective Prostitutes NDjamena services, sex workers may be a reservoir for STIs and HIV and the main transmitters of these infections to the general public. This is because the sex workers, as a minority group in Chad, have been neglected. Furthermore, the theme of being exploited by their clients because of being female and holding less societal power to negotiate for safer sex was very common among the responses.

They complained about how they were treated by some of their clients. Some men treated them literally like a purchased commodity after paying for sex. One participant narrated her experience as follows:.

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Sometimes if I try to negotiate for safer sex, they beat me leaving my face swollen and bleeding. Prostitutes NDjamena have to cope with all these men because I am a foreign woman and Prostitutes NDjamena cannot report them anywhere.

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The above sentiments about sex workers being beaten up by men and abused because they were migrant female sex workers were confirmed by one of the key informants who stated that the sex workers were always pursued by the police and that they were always at risk of being arrested, denied treatment at the health facilities, and being beaten up by their clients.

The barman said:. Some men are aggressive and beat the girls after using them because they know that they are foreigners.

The above information confirms that men perpetrate violence against female sex workers by taking advantage of their gender, immigrant status, and the illegality of sex work to the extent that barmen would mediate Prostitutes NDjamena help resolve some of the conflicts.

All of the respondents stated that they sometimes got raped by their clients, some policemen, or were not paid for sexual encounters because there were no laws that protected them from the standpoint of the female Prostitutes NDjamena, being migrants, and practicing sex work which is illegal in Chad. The above experiences were compounded by denied health services such contraception, condoms and STIs treatment at health facilities, and stigma and discrimination in the community.

One respondent stated to that effect as follows:. Another participant Prostitutes NDjamena the occurrence of physical violence in the course of sex work occasioned by the police. We end up being abused by any man and if we refuse, they threaten to take Prostitutes NDjamena to Prostitutes NDjamena police. One day I was arrested and had to use all the money I had to bribe Prostitutes NDjamena police officers for my release. The findings Prostitutes NDjamena above indicate that migrant sex workers Prostitutes NDjamena Chad were a neglected minority group whose plight does not seem to concern the government because of the lack of legal frameworks and policy to protect them.

The Plight of Female Cameroonian Migrant Sex Workers in N'Djamena, Chad: A Case of Intersectionality. J Immigr Minor Health. in common with other places patronised by expatriates and well-heeled visitors, prostitutes are part of the backdrop. (+) 22 52 30

The participants in this study recounted how they experienced Prostitutes NDjamena types of abuse due to their female gender, their foreign citizenship, and the criminalization of Prostitutes NDjamena work in Chad; dimensions that leave the sex workers vulnerable to the human rights Prostitutes NDjamena. The human rights violations included lack of access to healthcare services, physical violence, Prostitutes NDjamena, extortion, Prostitutes NDjamena arrests, and psychological torment.

Sex workers in most African countries face diverse forms of abuse from all sections of society. The experiences of sex workers chronicled in this paper demonstrate an intersection of gender, foreign citizenship, and the illegal status of sex work in Chad.

Unlike Scorgie et al. The International Organization of Migration IOM acknowledges that the migration of people and the resultant health implications are gendered phenomena. This means that women, men, children, and Prostitutes NDjamena minorities face different socioeconomic and health risks before, during, and after migration [ 16 ]. The foregoing is in tandem with the findings of this study which show that the female gender, the immigrant status, and the illegal status of sex work intersect and are Prostitutes NDjamena advantage of to perpetrate human rights violations against sex workers.

Of particular interest is the fact that sex workers in Chad are discriminated against from having access to either basic or tailored healthcare services. Therefore, the government or indeed any other change agency may not be successful in Prostitutes NDjamena the plight of sex workers without paying attention to the impact of gender and power imbalances between men and women, actively protecting the rights of migrants, and decriminalizing sex work.

This is based on the findings of this study showing that the three factors intersect and should not be dealt with in isolation. Additionally, McBride et al.

Furthermore, the criminalization of sex work impedes efforts to reach sex workers with social services such as tailored health services, and legal protection against abuses and violence. The illegal nature of sex work is taken advantage of by clients, the police, and the community, weaponizing it for non-payment after sex, rape, verbal and physical violence, and arrests [ 15 ].

Based on the above arguments, we recommend policy reforms in Chad that will ensure a paradigm shift in terms of how migrant female sex workers, as a minority group, are treated. Secondly, the government, through the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Public Security and Immigration, should ensure a Prostitutes NDjamena process for migrant documentation and set regulations that protect them from discrimination based on country of Prostitutes NDjamena. This is because immigrant sex workers face disproportional human rights Prostitutes NDjamena compared to their local counterparts [ 15 ].

?Chad: Where to go out in N’Djamena

Additionally, the government through the Ministry Prostitutes NDjamena Public Health and National Solidarity should commit to the provision of health services to all according to the principles of the Right to Health [ 18 ] and engage all other stakeholders, such as Non-governmental organizations and Civil Society Organizations, in bringing health Prostitutes NDjamena to migrant female Prostitutes NDjamena workers.

Thirdly, the criminalization of sex work impedes efforts to reach sex workers with social services such as tailored health services, and legal protection against abuses and violence. The Prostitutes NDjamena of sex work is taken advantage of by clients, the police, and the community for non-payment after sex, rape, verbal and physical violence against the sex workers [ 20 ].

Therefore, the government of Chad should embark on a process to decriminalize sex work.

?Chad: Where to go out in N’Djamena

We acknowledge that the process of actuating the above recommendations may be lengthy and controversial to some stakeholders, but we suggest that it may be helpful for all stakeholders to engage in honesty reflections and conversations about the legal, social, and health implications of continued neglect of this minority group. The approach of the intersectionality of Prostitutes NDjamena micro-level individual factors and how they compound the abuses experienced by migrant female sex workers in a Prostitutes NDjamena context that this study adopted brings in novel information.

From Prostitutes NDjamena public health standpoint, the three highlighted individual-level factors must be holistically Prostitutes NDjamena, failure to which human rights violations against migrant female sex workers will perpetuate. Furthermore, the fight against STIs and HIV is Prostitutes NDjamena in the absence of programs targeted at sex workers, who are disproportionally more affected by these diseases than the general public.

This study demonstrates the intersectionality of gender, migrant citizenship, and illegal status of sex work, and how they work in unison to produce human rights abuses at the macro-level against Cameroonian migrant female sex workers in Chad. Sex workers are raped, beaten, and abused by men, arrested and detained by the police, as well as denied healthcare services because of gender imbalance and power dynamics around sex, being an immigrant, and lack of legal protection.

Prostitutes NDjamena paper also suggests policies and legal reforms to ameliorate the plight of sex workers in Chad. Bowleg L. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: intersectionality—an important theoretical framework for public health.

Its shaded cafeteria is perfect for a moment of relaxation in total tranquillity. Despite its location on Avenue Mobutu Prostitutes NDjamena the university, the grounds offer a bubble of Prostitutes NDjamena in the heart of the city centre. At the heart of the Moursal neighbourhood, this music venue opened in late Its promoter? On the weekend, the space is Prostitutes NDjamena for concerts. The stage is wide, designed to support the frenzied choreographies of the visiting acts.

Around the dance floor, tables and chairs can hold about 1, people on the weekends. The price of a ticket for a concert is 1, CFA francs.

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Date of visit: May This finding is striking because it reveals how gender and minority status amplify the inequalities and abuses perpetrated against this group even at the public health facilities in Chad. In most countries, sex-work is criminalized and frowned upon.

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